Free Essays on Free Women Of Petersburg

â€Å"The Free Women of Petersburg, Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1861†, was written by Suzanne Lebsock in 1984 and won the Bancroft Prize in 1985. Lebsock focuses on Petersburg, Virginia between 1784 and 1860 to recount the status of women in society, and how that status changed. She also examines the views of women during that time. The author did extensive research of Petersburg local records to obtain a comprehensive study of the female culture during the antebellum years. Lesbock discusses the institution of marriage in great detail. The author found that women married for economic reasons as well as romantic feelings. In years past, marriage was based on economic value. By the early nineteenth century however, romance was beginning to lead. The author explains companionate marriage as â€Å"a term used by some historians of the family to describe a new marriage pattern that allegedly took hold in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, primarily in the middle class.† Companionate marriage was for love, and involved mutual respect and a degree of equality among partners. However, studies show most of the women would not have classified their marriages as companionate. This was not all due to their husband’s actions. The laws of the time gave the husband rights to the wife’s services and to any property she owned at the time of marriage. The wife’s only legal right was the receipt of a dower in the event of her hu sband’s death. A dower included one-third of her husband’s personal property, and the use of one-third of his real estate and slaves. Lesbock’s analysis of remarriage showed that the majority of women who were wealthy enough to support themselves when widowed would remain unmarried. She states â€Å"remarriage patterns of Petersburg’s widows suggest that some sort of generalization is called for; the reluctance of wealthier widows to marry again suggests that in the eyes of women t... Free Essays on Free Women Of Petersburg Free Essays on Free Women Of Petersburg â€Å"The Free Women of Petersburg, Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1861†, was written by Suzanne Lebsock in 1984 and won the Bancroft Prize in 1985. Lebsock focuses on Petersburg, Virginia between 1784 and 1860 to recount the status of women in society, and how that status changed. She also examines the views of women during that time. The author did extensive research of Petersburg local records to obtain a comprehensive study of the female culture during the antebellum years. Lesbock discusses the institution of marriage in great detail. The author found that women married for economic reasons as well as romantic feelings. In years past, marriage was based on economic value. By the early nineteenth century however, romance was beginning to lead. The author explains companionate marriage as â€Å"a term used by some historians of the family to describe a new marriage pattern that allegedly took hold in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, primarily in the middle class.† Companionate marriage was for love, and involved mutual respect and a degree of equality among partners. However, studies show most of the women would not have classified their marriages as companionate. This was not all due to their husband’s actions. The laws of the time gave the husband rights to the wife’s services and to any property she owned at the time of marriage. The wife’s only legal right was the receipt of a dower in the event of her hu sband’s death. A dower included one-third of her husband’s personal property, and the use of one-third of his real estate and slaves. Lesbock’s analysis of remarriage showed that the majority of women who were wealthy enough to support themselves when widowed would remain unmarried. She states â€Å"remarriage patterns of Petersburg’s widows suggest that some sort of generalization is called for; the reluctance of wealthier widows to marry again suggests that in the eyes of women t...

Base Definition in Chemistry

Base Definition in Chemistry In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OHs of bases include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and soap. Key Takeaways: Base Definition A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an acid-base reaction.The mechanism through which a base works has been argued throughout history. Generally, a base either accepts a proton, releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water, or donates an electron.Examples of bases include hydroxides and soap. Word Origin The word base came into use in 1717 by French chemist Louis Là ©mery. Là ©mery used the word as a synonym for Paracelsus alchemical concept of a matrix in alchemy. Paracelsus proposed natural salts grew as a result of a universal acid mixing with a matrix. While Là ©mery may have used the word base first, its modern usage is generally attributed to French chemist Guillaumes of Rouelles bases included alkalis, metals, oils, or absorbent earth. In the 18th century, salts were solid crystals, while acids were liquids. So, it made sense to early chemists that the material that neutralized the acid somehow destroyed its spirit and allowed it to take solid form. Properties of a Base A base displays several characteristic properties: Aqueous base solution or molten bases dissociate into ions and conduct electricity.Strong bases and concentrated bases are caustic. They react vigorously with acids and organic matter.Bases react in predictable ways with pH indicators. A base turns litmus paper blue, methyl orange yellow, and phenolphthalein pink. Bromothymol blue remains blue in the presence of a base.A basic solution has a pH greater than 7.Bases have a bitter flavor. (Dont taste them!) Types of Bases Bases may be categorized according to their degree of dissociation in water and reactivity. A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in water or is a compound that can remove a proton (H) from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its conjugate acid.A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate acids. Such bases are formed by mixing an alkali metal with its conjugate acid. A superbase cannot remain in aqueous solution because it is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride (NaH). The strongest superbase is the orthos include silicon dioxide (SiO2) and NaOH mounted on alumina. Solid bases may be used in anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids. Reaction Between an Acid and a Base An acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, an aqueous acid and aqueous base produce an aqueous solution of salt and water. If the salt is saturated or insoluble, then it may precipitate out of the solution. While it may seem like acids and bases are opposites, some species can act as either an acid or a base. In fact, some strong acids can act as bases. Sources Jensen, William B. (2006). The origin of the term base. The Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1130. doi:10.1021/ed083p1130Johll, Matthew E. (2009). Investigating chemistry: a forensic science perspective (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 1429209895.Whitten, Kenneth W.; Peck, Larry; Davis, Raymond E.; Lockwood, Lisa; Stanley, George G. (2009). Chemistry (9th ed.). ISBN 0-495-39163-8.Zumdahl, Steven; DeCoste, Donald (2013).  Chemical Principles  (7th ed.). Mary Finch.

Word of Mouth Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Word of Mouth Marketing - Essay Example Techniques to promote a firm's product have been created and modified to come up with a superior marketing strategy with excellent results. Word of mouth marketing which is also regarded to as viral marketing nowadays emerged as one of the most efficient tools in marketing in product promotion, customer recruitment and retention. This paper will try to address the perceived advantages and disadvantages of word of mouth. This paper will give a closer look at word of mouth marketing and how it affects buyer behavior. To further examine the potency of word of mouth as an effective marketing tool, experiences of practitioners will be evaluated. Disadvantages and costs of word of mouth marketing, especially its inaccessibility will also be looked into. According to the Word of Mouth Marketing Association (2006), word of mouth marketing is the ability to harness the voice of the happy customer for the good brand while acknowledging that the voice of the unhappy customer is equally as powerful (and equally detrimental) to the brand. However, it should be noted that word of mouth is often not an intended marketing strategy for goods and services companies as they do not exert direct effort in the "creation" of word of mouth. Instead, word of mouth can be indirectly promoted by firms by ensuring the quality of the products that they offer to customers. No amount of marketing effort can encourage word of mouth but through the collective effort of the whole company in achieving the goals of marketing-creating products and services that gives customer value. Traditionally, word of mouth is done through the face to face social interactions of individual. However, a new trend has emerged in word of mouth marketing together with the revolutionary development in technology. The most important technological innovation which rapidly introduced change in word of mouth marketing is the internet technology. This revolution led to the establishment of viral marketing as a type of word of mouth marketing. Viral marketing refers to "marketing technique that exploits pre-existing social networks to produce exponential increases in brand awareness through viral processes similar to a spread of an epidemic (Viral Marketing 2006)." It should also be added that viral marketing is a word of mouth "enhanced" and "delivered" online as it takes advantage of the internet technology to reach a huge number of people rapidly. Viral marketing includes the use of blogs, amateur websites and other forms of astrosurfing that facilitates word of mouth. Word of Mouth and Buyer Behavior It should be noted that word of mouth marketing takes advantage of both power of human voice and social interaction among customers. A relationship between

European Union Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European Union Debt - Essay Example The European Union debt crisis was a fusion of complex elements in the world market. The globalization of finance and facilitation of easier access to credit in 2002-2008 period enhanced risky lending and borrowing among the member states. Moreover, the fiscal policies, trade imbalances and property bubbles accelerated the dept status (Dikson, Julie, and Pavlos 30). The governments were losing money following the banking system bailouts to defaulters of the property bubble. Furthermore, the pension commitments and the unsustainable public wages increased the debt level (Lynn 11). The increased capital and savings in the global pool of the European Union and other investors set the policy and regulatory structures in the member countries. This is because lenders and borrowers were quick to transact thus generating economic bubbles in each continent (El-Agraa 39). A decline in the monetary value resulted in significant losses and declines in property values. However, the liabilities owed to the global investors remained at constant prices resulting in major losses to the borrowers and insolvency of banks and government (Crifò 30). According to Sanghera (21), the Northern countries, such as Norway and Sweden, were able to cope with the crisis because their governments lent capital to property developers. This generated huge property bubbles. When the bubbles collapsed, their governments and citizens assumed private debts. These reduced excessive burden to the government to bail the nation out. After some time, these nations were able to retain a fair economic position with better employment percentage. In Greece, however, the government enhanced its commitment to the public employees by facilitating higher wages and pension settlements. Notably, the employment wage bill doubled exponentially in real terms. Moreover, the banking systems grew quickly creating enormous external

Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supreme Court - Essay Example Upon the state's appeal, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals adhered to the suppression ruling in a decision of two-to-one. The issue in this project deals with witnesses to a crime identifying a suspect prior to in-person identifications. One teller had seen the defendant's arrest on television the night before a photo lineup was scheduled. Another teller had seen the defendants' photo in a newspaper story covering his arrest. And yet another teller was shown a lone picture of the defendant instead of a photo array. A police lineup was never completed. This presents a case of power of suggestion. In the case of Simmons v US (1968), the US Supreme Court saw the problem of declining accuracy of identification after witnesses had viewed pictures of suspects. The court ruled that seeing a picture may have a detrimental effect on identification accuracy because"the witness is apt to retain in his memory the image of the photograph rather than of the person actually seen" (quoted in Brown, Deffenbachher, & Sturgill, 1977, p. 312) Eyewitness testimony can be an important tool in the field of justice. However, it can also convict innocent people. In 1991, the percentage was estimated to be at 45% (Loftus & Ketcham, 1991). According to more recent studies, some experts say we are closer to 1% today. This is undoubtedly attributed to the introduction of DNA and the modern technologies now available to forensic scientists. The profiling of DNA was introduced in 1984 by Alec Jeffreys, a renowned geneticist at the University of Leicester, England. Jeffreys' genetic fingerprinting was used to convict a murderer in England in 1988. Today, a DNA sample is one of the most dependable techniques used to apprehend a suspect in a criminal case. Psychology in law states that the use of eyewitness testimony alone is the cause of convicting innocent people. Psychologically, body language and innocent remarks made by officials showing photos and conducting lineups can send unintended subliminal messages to the witness. The witness' level of confidence can be inspired by a perception that the police must be right, because this is what they're suggesting to be true. This can distort a person's memory. A 1997 study led by the National Science Foundation proved that a distorted memory can now fail to know recollect accurately. Studies have also revealed that when the victim is the witness, he has an aggressive desire to nab a perpetrator. In this scenario, they are extremely sensitive to any signals they receive from authorities. If the police have a person in mind, they can unknowingly convey that message to the victim (Loftus, 1998). This suggestibility is the normal tendency of people to agree with what they perceive to be what the authority figure wants to hear (Sadava & McCreary, 1997). Showing a lone photo to a witness sends the subliminal message that 'we believe this is the guy.' Showing a photo array can send the same signal..'one of these people is the one.' Witnesses can sometimes make rash decisions so as to get the whole process over with. For all these reasons, most law enforcement officials would contend that the identifications of the three tellers should be suppressed in court. With all its faults, eyewitness testimony can still be a strong tool. Each individual can see the same event differently (William, 1999). To

Publishing on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Publishing on the Internet - Essay Example In the past, updating data on the internet was not a simple task. In order to change the contents of any website, the basic HTML codes had to be modified and the access to the content of the website was also for a limited number of users. But in the present, due to the developments in the technology, modification of the contents of a website has become much easier. Anyone can update a website by posting blogs, comments or articles. Media sharing has become easier today therefore it has become much easier to publish on the internet. Nowadays, websites like Twitter have brought the whole world online. An event occurs and the next thing we know is that the information is updated on Twitter or any other micro blogging website by some eye witness. Such is the speed at which the information flows due to the presence of internet. Due to the growth in the number of users of internet, organizations have been considering diverting their investment in marketing from traditional marketing techni ques to marketing through internet. Internet has become the core platform for the information industry. Therefore the organizations have been investing in publishing on the internet for the purpose of marketing (Harris, 2000). Marketing strategies include familiarizing the target market with the products or services of an organization through publishing on the internet. ... Publishing on the internet can be done for a number of purposes. People can share their thoughts and ideas by publishing on the internet, or they can conduct internet publishing commercially in order to attract specific users. Organizations can use publishing on the internet as a marketing tool. The main use of publishing on the internet made by the organizations is that of marketing. Internet marketing has grown extensively in the recent past and it has become a billion dollar industry. Organizations have been investing in internet marketing because it provides very high returns on surprisingly low investment and that too in a short period of time (Turban et al 2002). There are a number of ways by which information can be published on the internet. Some of the possible ways that would be evaluated in this paper are; a web site, a blog, a social networking website and Microsoft Office Publisher. These means can be used either individually or a combination of one or more of such means can be used in order to achieve the optimum results. PUBLISHING ON A WEBSITE A website has been the primary mean of communicating with the targeted audience. Nowadays, a business is considered to be non-existent if it does not run a website. A website is the primary source of information regarding an organization and its business objectives. An organization uses its website to provide its targeted market with the information regarding the organization’s products or services. The website represents the organization therefore an organization tries to design its website in a more and more innovative manner. Having web presence has become extremely essential for all the organizations and business (University of Florida). Certain information must be published by all the organization

British Construction and Property Industries Assignment

British Construction and Property Industries - Assignment Example The property industry is a vital component of a successful economy, and an important route by which a Government can achieve the delivery of many of its cherished policies such as: entrepreneurial success, urban regeneration, social inclusion, environmental improvement and savings and pensions reform. This paper discusses the economic organisation of the British construction and property industries and the government macro economic policy. British construction and property industries are is being faced with demands to make rapid changes due to changes in procurement strategies, government-led reform initiatives and heightened fields of international competition. These changes are aimed at helping tackle any problems arising from the reforms and to forecast the levels of project success, while attempting to solve problems related to predominance of personal capitalism which imply weak organisational capabilities. The concept of mutual objectives demand that each team thinks while focusing on the immediate objectives, through the process, to the end objectives. Improved efficiency can for example be thought of in terms of cooperation, fast construction can be achieved by avoiding hold ups, critical path programs must be ensured for timely completions, while shared risks are sensibly agreed on. Cost reduction measures include continuous improvement strategies and reasonable profits are achieved through sound forecast and progress prediction. To minimize legal costs, the parties must implement sound dispute resolution procedures and a sense of good public relations can be achieved by being proactive. A prior agreement on the sharing of profits must be in place to facilitate any related procedures. Quality assurance and total quality management offer ways of ensuring a reliable product quality, which is enhanced by the reliable flow of design information and any related cooperation. The basic idea in improving the construction industry is implied therefore as offering tendering on the basis of scrutinized long term affiliations based on clear measurement of prior performance-"benchmarking and quantified measures" and sustained quality and efficiency improvements. 1 A Task Force headed by Sir Egan believes that the way forward to achieving the ambition of a modern construction industry lies in commitment. They believe that: "Commitment from major clients to fulfil their responsibility to lead the implementation of our agenda for dramatically improving the efficiency and quality of construction Commitment from the construction industry to work with major clients to deliver the significant performance improvements that are possible, and offer these to the occasional and inexperienced clients Commitment from Government to create and sustain