Juvantus football FC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvantus football FC - Essay Example This paper will shed light upon the achievements of Juventus football club. 1 November 1897 was when Juventus football club was founded, they play their home matches at the newly built Juventus stadium, they used to play their home matches at the Delle Alpi stadium earlier but they have recently built a better stadium. Juventus won the European cup twice, the first time they won it was back in the 1984-1985 season, they won it for the second time in the 1995-1996 season. They have been the kings of Italy 27 times which means they have won the Serie A 27 times, they have won the Copa Italia on 9 different occasions. They have won the UEFA Cup once in the 1983-1984 season. They have won the UEFA Super cup twice, the first time was in the year 1984 and the second time was in the year 1996. Alessandro Del Pierro is an Italian Legend just like Paolo Maldini, Del Pierro currently plays for Juventus football club and holds several impressive records to his name. Del Pierro made his 646th appearance in 2010 and it was also a record for an Italian player, he has gone on to make many more appearances since then. Del Pierro is the current captain of Juventus football club. Zinedine Zidane is a legend who hung up his boots after the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Zidane played for Juventus football club. He made 151 appearances for the club and scored an impressive 24 goals for the Italian club. He was sold to Real Madrid football club for a record fee back then. Zidane won the World Cup with France in 1998 and came close to winning it again in 2006 but could not win it because France was beaten by Italy in the final and Zidane was sent off in the final. Gianluigi Buffon is the current keeper of Juventus, the keeper is a very sought-after player. Many top clubs across Europe want to sign the keeper but his high tag becomes a problem time and again for them. He has been playing very

Goin’ Cholita Essay Essay Example for Free

Goin’ Cholita Essay Essay Goin’ Gangsta, Choosin’ Cholita, by Nell Bernstein, is claiming identity and describing how the youth in certain parts of the country are choosing their preferred identity rather than accepting their own. For example, in Bernsteins essay a girl named April, living in California, wants to be Mexican; therefore, she dresses like and attempts to talk in the same accent as a true Mexican, even though she is Anglo. I agree with Bernstein that people are influenced by what they see and hear. April portrays a perfect â€Å"cholita,† with her â€Å"dark lipstick,† â€Å"even darker lip liner,† and â€Å"baggy pants, blue plaid Pendleton and her bangs pulled back tight off her forehead. † I also believe, like Bernstein, that people claim only part of their ethnicity to fit in. Even though April looks and acts like a Cholita she is of â€Å"Anglo† descent. The essay also specifically talks about the state of California, where all this identity changing is happening due to the great diversity of race here. Bernstein claims that this is a positive situation when youths choose an identity other than their own identity. Whatever makes them feel better or boosts their self-esteem is okay, I guess? However, they still have to face the facts; they cannot change their identity. I do not know what dictionary Bernstein is reading, but the definition of identity does not include the word appearance. Identity is who a person is, not who they appear to be. Nell Bernstein does a very good job in describing the â€Å"glamour,† associated with race. It seems, there is always a particular culture that many people want to be associated with and hang around. In the case of Goin’ Gangsta, Choosin’ Cholita Bernstein talks about how teens choose and define their identity, what â€Å"claiming,† an ethnic identity is, and what the concept of â€Å"city† is according to these teens. Bernstein explains that as time goes by the suburbs are becoming more diverse, and people in the suburbs have become infatuated with the â€Å"city life†. The glamour of this may be media-generated. We come from a society that pushed for the concept of â€Å"white is right,† for such a long time that now there are backlashes from other cultures, races, and minorities. Many great strives have been made by various ethnic groups. Accomplished actors and actresses of these ethnic cultures make most often these strive for all to see because of the glamour and prestige that they hold in Hollywood. Actresses such as Jennifer Lopez, and Halle Berry are most often credited with moving ahead both women, and those of Latino and African descent. Men such as Denzel Washington and John Leguizamo are very well respected actors in the field as well. With the success of these role models, as well as the acceptance of diversity has become many â€Å"Caucasian† students are now being rejected. Many of the relatives and ancestors had to fight very hard for their rights and this may be why many younger generations want to be like them because they can identify with them and also because of how â€Å"glamorous† their lives seemed, and because of portrayal in the media. They â€Å"claim† these cultures to be accepted and more respected. Actually many generations of these cultures do press the importance of filial piety (respect for their elders), deep within their cultures as opposed to those of Caucasian families who viewed by other cultures, do not know â€Å"their† place. Because of the emphasis on heritage of the quickly populating cultures in their areas, many feel they do not belong. Because of this nuclear family as opposed to multi-generational, many cultures could clash. Glamorous is a life where everyone else belongs because of how he or she looks or what ancestor they have which entitles them to prestige, finally because of the long awaited freedom and hardships that they had to endure to get there. Embrace your family; you are one of us if you are in any group of people. Look at movies like The Godfather. Italian-Americans involved with the Mafia worked hard for family to be able to provide for them, but were also caught up in some bad stuff. Italians/ Italian-Americans who ran around shooting on behalf of who they were, as well as against those of the same culture that was at odds with them. It seemed like a very glamorous life even though those involved would say that it was far from it. Many cultures today or those who want to be involved in these cultures, adorn themselves with stereotypes and simply to be accepted, as Bernstein states, â€Å"they are very young but may not understand the full comprehension of all that was involved, it may be the influence of being tough, bad, and able to bounce back with a greater force that these teens look for. † They are at a very young age and are still growing. The ability to take on these preset identities (stereotypes) may feel that it helps them find out who they are because adolescence is a very unsure time. The ability to fit-in such as school, friends, and communities also play a very critical role in the development of an adolescent. Many kids who are raised in the suburbs now a days feel as if they have to choose a â€Å"crew† to hang around. Even the white kids do not feel safe in their own streets unless they are hanging with the bad crew. Kids feel the need to choose what group they belong to based on the way they dress, what music they listen to, and whom they see as a role model figure. Kids should not be forced at such a young age to claim something they are not. Children should be proud of the race they originally are. With the growing amount of races becoming more diverse in not only in the suburbs but around the world, it is important for parents to enforce the values of nationality. The author made it very important to write this article in order to show people the truth behind color. Although it may be easier for a child to join a group and feel accepted, they should also know that they would not truly be accepted until they accept themselves. Cultures are becoming more and more diverse. Although culture is constantly changing, people should not change their personal values in order to feel accepted. In conclusion, I feel the media does play a role in stereotyping these cultures and making them seem more glamorous, but the actual families of those from the actual cultures (Latino, African, etc. ) stress the importance of filial piety. This respect for ancestors joined with expectations and role models in the media can make this seem more glamorous. Adolescents that are trying to find out who they are in a very critical time in their lives often fall back onto this because identity already seems â€Å"preset,† and is easier to follow that finding out one for their self. Many Caucasian teens are being ridiculed because of what they are and history, so they often desperately pull from what they know to be able to fit in better and not be ridiculed as much, but more accepted. With cultures melting together today and many marriages creating children of various backgrounds, it can be very confusing for children of these higher populated states to find out who they are. The glamorous look may come from the comradely that these cultures have for members within. It may be looked at as glamorous because of the popularity of its members or even how it is shown in the media, but it is most glamorous for those who are not of the decent because they finally have a place to belong among those who accept them because of it.

High Altitude Training :: Running Athletes Essays

High Altitude Training For the first mile of my daily run the cows are with me. They seem out of place along this road that winds through mountain pines, but in Arizona cows are everywhere, even at 7,000 feet. They watch incredulously with soft eyes as I run by. They stand as still as statues and only their heads move, slowly and almost imperceptibly, like the heads in paintings of long-dead relatives that gaze right at you, no matter where you stand in the room. I can’t tell if they approve of all this running activity; they are silent. No matter how far I decide to run each day, running that first mile is the hardest. I feel the same niggling pain under my ribs each time, and wonder how overnight I forgot how to run. Each day I tell myself that I must be going about this running thing all wrong. My shoes are old and probably not the right sort of shoes at all. I’m wearing cotton socks. I expect at any moment a van, driven by a member of the International Federation of Runners, will pull up beside me. A fleet of sleek runners wearing custom made running shoes and synthetic socks will pile out of the back of the van and issue a citation. Or they will grab me and drive off with a screech of tires, taking me to an interrogation room where they will seat me under a bare bulb and ask, â€Å"Just who do you think your are?† I look around uneasily. No vans. No running police. I guess I will have to keep running. I smirk at the cows, glad that I’m faster than someone. I came upon running by accident, when I was digging through a pile of magazines at my local used bookstore. I pulled out a copy of a running magazine that had a picture of a beautiful woman on it, a woman with a blond ponytail. She looked happy and carefree. I wanted to be her. My friend Ellyn looked over my shoulder and said casually, â€Å"Oh, Suzy Favor.

Agendas and Instability in American Politics Essay

In this book, authors Baumgartner and Jones present an analysis of the nature of the policymaking process and national agenda setting. The authors’ methodology in this study was to conduct an empirical study examining national policy issues over time and then highlight any notable patterns. In the book, the authors develop a political model to account of long periods of stability in policies where entrenched interests are evident, but also times where policy change happens relatively quickly and seems to favor new avenues of influence. The authors utilize a model of evolution known as â€Å"punctuated equilibrium,† which was originally developed by paleontologists, to describe the dynamics and patterns of policy change. This process of punctuated equilibrium asserts that the political system â€Å"displays considerable stability with regard to the manner in which it processes issues, but the stability is punctuated with periods of volatile change† (Baumgartner & Jones 1993: 4). This change can be represented by an S-curve or a logistic growth curve illustrating a slow policy adoption at first, then a rapid push an enthusiastic support for it, then after it has saturated the national scene the process starts again. The authors go on to explore public policies in nuclear power, smoking, drug abuse, auto safety, etc. then describe them according to the punctuated equilibrium model. Baumgartner and James make the argument that institutions reproduce a particular policy agenda and therefore act to lengthen the life of some policies and in some cases can even create a monopoly on that agenda. Once the monopoly on the agenda is set, changes to the general policy will tend to happen incrementally (Baumgartner & Jones 1993: 5). Two mainstays of instituting a policy monopoly are 1) a definable institutional structure that limits access to the policy process and 2) a powerful supporting idea associated with the institution. The imagery and rhetoric associated with a particular policy is usually produced and controlled by an institutional sponsor and have far reaching effects on the population. The authors exclaim: These buttressing policy ideas are generally connected to core political values which can be communicated directly and simply through image and rhetoric. The best are such things as progress, participation, patriotism, independence from foreign domination, fairness, economic growth—things no one taken seriously in the political system can contest. If a group can convince others that their activities serve such lofty goals, then it may be able to create a policy monopoly (Baumgartner & Jones 1993: 7). This policy monopoly is not permanent and can undergo incremental adjustments and tweaks as the public perception of that policy begins to shift due to counter-mobilization and a decrease in public apathy. New views and a re-defining of the monopolistic policies inevitably lead to substantial change in the agenda; and the authors argue that when this ultimate change takes place it is quick and punctuated. Policy images are the primary mechanism interest groups and institutions use to manipulate support for or against a particular policy. The authors describe policy images as â€Å"a mixture of empirical information and emotive appeals (Baumgartner & Jones 1993: 26). The policy images used at one venue may be changed for another depending on the aims of the group presenting the policy. A good example Baumgartner & Jones use to illustrate the process of shifting policy image is the nuclear power debate and how it changed from â€Å"solidly positive to overwhelmingly negative† (Baumgartner & Jones 1993: 61). Next, the authors tackle the institutional influences in policymaking. Diverse interest groups have been on the rise since the 1960’s, and the competing interests all vie for support (public & private) for their respective causes. Much that support depends upon how well the interest groups are mobilized. Congress plays an integral role in providing access to and shaping policy agendas as they receive requests and pressures from various interest groups. Two forces that structure changes in congressional behavior are: 1) shifting jurisdictional boundaries and 2) member activity in response to perceived benefits from supporting a particular policy (Baumgartner & Jones 1993: 195). In summation, the authors illustrate how policy change and agenda setting in US politics is constructed by the primary factors of institutionalized interests and corresponding views or images of a purported policy. Other factors such as counter-mobilization, legislative support, and federalism influence this process, but overall it follows the punctuated equilibrium model of a steady maintenance of accepted policies and values until a re-defining of the issues becomes a popularized and mobilized movement.

The State Board of Nursing Agency Overview

I chose to review the State Board of Nursing for the state of Ohio at, www. nursingohio. gov. The mission of the Ohio Board of Nursing is to actively safeguard the health of the public through effective regulation of nursing care ( www. nursing. oho. gov; June 2013) The agency offers nurses the ability to renew licenses and certifications online, enroll into refresher courses, sign up for state conferences and review laws and rules of the State Board. The agency holds its standards and requirements to its nurses to the up most. While researching information I found that any actions that our field against board members are located on the site as well as any disciplinary actions that may take place. In January of 2013 I located 256 disciplinary actions from indefinite suspensions, to permanently revoked license, to hearing actions. Then 44 monitoring actions from urine drug requirements, lift of narcotic restrictions, and approved to accept employment actions. The agency supports the patients that each member comes in contact with. The State Board requires each member to practice nursing safeguards. Making sure that every nurse is familiar with laws and rules that affect his/or her practice. As well as providing trainings, assessments to keep every member up to date to prevent penalties. The State Board also provides a listing for education purposes for associate degree programs that are offered in many different cities in Ohio from Akron, Ohio to Cincinnati, Ohio. Each school is to meet the Boards requirements and allows a student to see if a college is conditional approved, fully approved or provisional approved by the state board. The site also assists with FAQ for continuing education and scholarship and loan opportunities for nurses in the state of Ohio. The Ohio State Board, is not only is available for nurses to review but also allows t the public to know there rights, as well as file complaints if need be. I think the fact that Board makes it know that they hold each of their members accountable to provided quality care shows that they are committed to make sure nurses maintain its high standards.

Decency Act essays

Decency Act essays The Internet is the fastest growing and largest source of technological information. Millions of people easily access it everyday and are provided with information on everything from stamp collecting to bestiality. This wide array of information may seem to be the best thing since sliced bread, but on the other hand, this so called unlimited and easy access source of information turns a miracle into thoughts of apprehension. These uneasy thoughts are most common among parents of children who, incredibly enough, access the Internet with ease in their young age. The growth of the Internet has allowed millions of people the ability to express ideas, opinions, promotions, jobs, and much more to a very large audience quickly and inexpensively. It has the ability to display images and text at the choice of an individual and post it on a home page for full view by the public. This free expression, in some circles, has grown to include "indecent" material or material not suitable for mi nors. Due to this, the Federal government has been in debate about whether or not limitations should be put on Internet use and users. In 1996, the United States Government passed the Communications Decency Act which intended to prohibit the public availability of "indecent" material on the Internet. The CDA's original intention was to pursue minor's access to indecent materials but grew to criminalize constitutionally protected speech, poses problems which should be handled differently from other media, and encompass all citizens regardless of age. The issue of "indecent" material being exposed on the Internet was brought to the national attention by Nebraska Senator Jim Exon. Exon initiated the Act after viewing a segment on Dateline NBC in July 1994, which portrayed the Internet as no more than dumping ground for pornographic material. In his statement he explains the qualifications for offenses against the Act. "Whoever makes, creates, or sol...

Free Essays on Free Women Of Petersburg

â€Å"The Free Women of Petersburg, Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1861†, was written by Suzanne Lebsock in 1984 and won the Bancroft Prize in 1985. Lebsock focuses on Petersburg, Virginia between 1784 and 1860 to recount the status of women in society, and how that status changed. She also examines the views of women during that time. The author did extensive research of Petersburg local records to obtain a comprehensive study of the female culture during the antebellum years. Lesbock discusses the institution of marriage in great detail. The author found that women married for economic reasons as well as romantic feelings. In years past, marriage was based on economic value. By the early nineteenth century however, romance was beginning to lead. The author explains companionate marriage as â€Å"a term used by some historians of the family to describe a new marriage pattern that allegedly took hold in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, primarily in the middle class.† Companionate marriage was for love, and involved mutual respect and a degree of equality among partners. However, studies show most of the women would not have classified their marriages as companionate. This was not all due to their husband’s actions. The laws of the time gave the husband rights to the wife’s services and to any property she owned at the time of marriage. The wife’s only legal right was the receipt of a dower in the event of her hu sband’s death. A dower included one-third of her husband’s personal property, and the use of one-third of his real estate and slaves. Lesbock’s analysis of remarriage showed that the majority of women who were wealthy enough to support themselves when widowed would remain unmarried. She states â€Å"remarriage patterns of Petersburg’s widows suggest that some sort of generalization is called for; the reluctance of wealthier widows to marry again suggests that in the eyes of women t... Free Essays on Free Women Of Petersburg Free Essays on Free Women Of Petersburg â€Å"The Free Women of Petersburg, Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1861†, was written by Suzanne Lebsock in 1984 and won the Bancroft Prize in 1985. Lebsock focuses on Petersburg, Virginia between 1784 and 1860 to recount the status of women in society, and how that status changed. She also examines the views of women during that time. The author did extensive research of Petersburg local records to obtain a comprehensive study of the female culture during the antebellum years. Lesbock discusses the institution of marriage in great detail. The author found that women married for economic reasons as well as romantic feelings. In years past, marriage was based on economic value. By the early nineteenth century however, romance was beginning to lead. The author explains companionate marriage as â€Å"a term used by some historians of the family to describe a new marriage pattern that allegedly took hold in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, primarily in the middle class.† Companionate marriage was for love, and involved mutual respect and a degree of equality among partners. However, studies show most of the women would not have classified their marriages as companionate. This was not all due to their husband’s actions. The laws of the time gave the husband rights to the wife’s services and to any property she owned at the time of marriage. The wife’s only legal right was the receipt of a dower in the event of her hu sband’s death. A dower included one-third of her husband’s personal property, and the use of one-third of his real estate and slaves. Lesbock’s analysis of remarriage showed that the majority of women who were wealthy enough to support themselves when widowed would remain unmarried. She states â€Å"remarriage patterns of Petersburg’s widows suggest that some sort of generalization is called for; the reluctance of wealthier widows to marry again suggests that in the eyes of women t...

Base Definition in Chemistry

Base Definition in Chemistry In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OHs of bases include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and soap. Key Takeaways: Base Definition A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an acid-base reaction.The mechanism through which a base works has been argued throughout history. Generally, a base either accepts a proton, releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water, or donates an electron.Examples of bases include hydroxides and soap. Word Origin The word base came into use in 1717 by French chemist Louis Là ©mery. Là ©mery used the word as a synonym for Paracelsus alchemical concept of a matrix in alchemy. Paracelsus proposed natural salts grew as a result of a universal acid mixing with a matrix. While Là ©mery may have used the word base first, its modern usage is generally attributed to French chemist Guillaumes of Rouelles bases included alkalis, metals, oils, or absorbent earth. In the 18th century, salts were solid crystals, while acids were liquids. So, it made sense to early chemists that the material that neutralized the acid somehow destroyed its spirit and allowed it to take solid form. Properties of a Base A base displays several characteristic properties: Aqueous base solution or molten bases dissociate into ions and conduct electricity.Strong bases and concentrated bases are caustic. They react vigorously with acids and organic matter.Bases react in predictable ways with pH indicators. A base turns litmus paper blue, methyl orange yellow, and phenolphthalein pink. Bromothymol blue remains blue in the presence of a base.A basic solution has a pH greater than 7.Bases have a bitter flavor. (Dont taste them!) Types of Bases Bases may be categorized according to their degree of dissociation in water and reactivity. A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in water or is a compound that can remove a proton (H) from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its conjugate acid.A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate acids. Such bases are formed by mixing an alkali metal with its conjugate acid. A superbase cannot remain in aqueous solution because it is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride (NaH). The strongest superbase is the orthos include silicon dioxide (SiO2) and NaOH mounted on alumina. Solid bases may be used in anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids. Reaction Between an Acid and a Base An acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, an aqueous acid and aqueous base produce an aqueous solution of salt and water. If the salt is saturated or insoluble, then it may precipitate out of the solution. While it may seem like acids and bases are opposites, some species can act as either an acid or a base. In fact, some strong acids can act as bases. Sources Jensen, William B. (2006). The origin of the term base. The Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1130. doi:10.1021/ed083p1130Johll, Matthew E. (2009). Investigating chemistry: a forensic science perspective (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 1429209895.Whitten, Kenneth W.; Peck, Larry; Davis, Raymond E.; Lockwood, Lisa; Stanley, George G. (2009). Chemistry (9th ed.). ISBN 0-495-39163-8.Zumdahl, Steven; DeCoste, Donald (2013).  Chemical Principles  (7th ed.). Mary Finch.

Word of Mouth Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Word of Mouth Marketing - Essay Example Techniques to promote a firm's product have been created and modified to come up with a superior marketing strategy with excellent results. Word of mouth marketing which is also regarded to as viral marketing nowadays emerged as one of the most efficient tools in marketing in product promotion, customer recruitment and retention. This paper will try to address the perceived advantages and disadvantages of word of mouth. This paper will give a closer look at word of mouth marketing and how it affects buyer behavior. To further examine the potency of word of mouth as an effective marketing tool, experiences of practitioners will be evaluated. Disadvantages and costs of word of mouth marketing, especially its inaccessibility will also be looked into. According to the Word of Mouth Marketing Association (2006), word of mouth marketing is the ability to harness the voice of the happy customer for the good brand while acknowledging that the voice of the unhappy customer is equally as powerful (and equally detrimental) to the brand. However, it should be noted that word of mouth is often not an intended marketing strategy for goods and services companies as they do not exert direct effort in the "creation" of word of mouth. Instead, word of mouth can be indirectly promoted by firms by ensuring the quality of the products that they offer to customers. No amount of marketing effort can encourage word of mouth but through the collective effort of the whole company in achieving the goals of marketing-creating products and services that gives customer value. Traditionally, word of mouth is done through the face to face social interactions of individual. However, a new trend has emerged in word of mouth marketing together with the revolutionary development in technology. The most important technological innovation which rapidly introduced change in word of mouth marketing is the internet technology. This revolution led to the establishment of viral marketing as a type of word of mouth marketing. Viral marketing refers to "marketing technique that exploits pre-existing social networks to produce exponential increases in brand awareness through viral processes similar to a spread of an epidemic (Viral Marketing 2006)." It should also be added that viral marketing is a word of mouth "enhanced" and "delivered" online as it takes advantage of the internet technology to reach a huge number of people rapidly. Viral marketing includes the use of blogs, amateur websites and other forms of astrosurfing that facilitates word of mouth. Word of Mouth and Buyer Behavior It should be noted that word of mouth marketing takes advantage of both power of human voice and social interaction among customers. A relationship between

European Union Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European Union Debt - Essay Example The European Union debt crisis was a fusion of complex elements in the world market. The globalization of finance and facilitation of easier access to credit in 2002-2008 period enhanced risky lending and borrowing among the member states. Moreover, the fiscal policies, trade imbalances and property bubbles accelerated the dept status (Dikson, Julie, and Pavlos 30). The governments were losing money following the banking system bailouts to defaulters of the property bubble. Furthermore, the pension commitments and the unsustainable public wages increased the debt level (Lynn 11). The increased capital and savings in the global pool of the European Union and other investors set the policy and regulatory structures in the member countries. This is because lenders and borrowers were quick to transact thus generating economic bubbles in each continent (El-Agraa 39). A decline in the monetary value resulted in significant losses and declines in property values. However, the liabilities owed to the global investors remained at constant prices resulting in major losses to the borrowers and insolvency of banks and government (Crifò 30). According to Sanghera (21), the Northern countries, such as Norway and Sweden, were able to cope with the crisis because their governments lent capital to property developers. This generated huge property bubbles. When the bubbles collapsed, their governments and citizens assumed private debts. These reduced excessive burden to the government to bail the nation out. After some time, these nations were able to retain a fair economic position with better employment percentage. In Greece, however, the government enhanced its commitment to the public employees by facilitating higher wages and pension settlements. Notably, the employment wage bill doubled exponentially in real terms. Moreover, the banking systems grew quickly creating enormous external

Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supreme Court - Essay Example Upon the state's appeal, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals adhered to the suppression ruling in a decision of two-to-one. The issue in this project deals with witnesses to a crime identifying a suspect prior to in-person identifications. One teller had seen the defendant's arrest on television the night before a photo lineup was scheduled. Another teller had seen the defendants' photo in a newspaper story covering his arrest. And yet another teller was shown a lone picture of the defendant instead of a photo array. A police lineup was never completed. This presents a case of power of suggestion. In the case of Simmons v US (1968), the US Supreme Court saw the problem of declining accuracy of identification after witnesses had viewed pictures of suspects. The court ruled that seeing a picture may have a detrimental effect on identification accuracy because"the witness is apt to retain in his memory the image of the photograph rather than of the person actually seen" (quoted in Brown, Deffenbachher, & Sturgill, 1977, p. 312) Eyewitness testimony can be an important tool in the field of justice. However, it can also convict innocent people. In 1991, the percentage was estimated to be at 45% (Loftus & Ketcham, 1991). According to more recent studies, some experts say we are closer to 1% today. This is undoubtedly attributed to the introduction of DNA and the modern technologies now available to forensic scientists. The profiling of DNA was introduced in 1984 by Alec Jeffreys, a renowned geneticist at the University of Leicester, England. Jeffreys' genetic fingerprinting was used to convict a murderer in England in 1988. Today, a DNA sample is one of the most dependable techniques used to apprehend a suspect in a criminal case. Psychology in law states that the use of eyewitness testimony alone is the cause of convicting innocent people. Psychologically, body language and innocent remarks made by officials showing photos and conducting lineups can send unintended subliminal messages to the witness. The witness' level of confidence can be inspired by a perception that the police must be right, because this is what they're suggesting to be true. This can distort a person's memory. A 1997 study led by the National Science Foundation proved that a distorted memory can now fail to know recollect accurately. Studies have also revealed that when the victim is the witness, he has an aggressive desire to nab a perpetrator. In this scenario, they are extremely sensitive to any signals they receive from authorities. If the police have a person in mind, they can unknowingly convey that message to the victim (Loftus, 1998). This suggestibility is the normal tendency of people to agree with what they perceive to be what the authority figure wants to hear (Sadava & McCreary, 1997). Showing a lone photo to a witness sends the subliminal message that 'we believe this is the guy.' Showing a photo array can send the same signal..'one of these people is the one.' Witnesses can sometimes make rash decisions so as to get the whole process over with. For all these reasons, most law enforcement officials would contend that the identifications of the three tellers should be suppressed in court. With all its faults, eyewitness testimony can still be a strong tool. Each individual can see the same event differently (William, 1999). To

Publishing on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Publishing on the Internet - Essay Example In the past, updating data on the internet was not a simple task. In order to change the contents of any website, the basic HTML codes had to be modified and the access to the content of the website was also for a limited number of users. But in the present, due to the developments in the technology, modification of the contents of a website has become much easier. Anyone can update a website by posting blogs, comments or articles. Media sharing has become easier today therefore it has become much easier to publish on the internet. Nowadays, websites like Twitter have brought the whole world online. An event occurs and the next thing we know is that the information is updated on Twitter or any other micro blogging website by some eye witness. Such is the speed at which the information flows due to the presence of internet. Due to the growth in the number of users of internet, organizations have been considering diverting their investment in marketing from traditional marketing techni ques to marketing through internet. Internet has become the core platform for the information industry. Therefore the organizations have been investing in publishing on the internet for the purpose of marketing (Harris, 2000). Marketing strategies include familiarizing the target market with the products or services of an organization through publishing on the internet. ... Publishing on the internet can be done for a number of purposes. People can share their thoughts and ideas by publishing on the internet, or they can conduct internet publishing commercially in order to attract specific users. Organizations can use publishing on the internet as a marketing tool. The main use of publishing on the internet made by the organizations is that of marketing. Internet marketing has grown extensively in the recent past and it has become a billion dollar industry. Organizations have been investing in internet marketing because it provides very high returns on surprisingly low investment and that too in a short period of time (Turban et al 2002). There are a number of ways by which information can be published on the internet. Some of the possible ways that would be evaluated in this paper are; a web site, a blog, a social networking website and Microsoft Office Publisher. These means can be used either individually or a combination of one or more of such means can be used in order to achieve the optimum results. PUBLISHING ON A WEBSITE A website has been the primary mean of communicating with the targeted audience. Nowadays, a business is considered to be non-existent if it does not run a website. A website is the primary source of information regarding an organization and its business objectives. An organization uses its website to provide its targeted market with the information regarding the organization’s products or services. The website represents the organization therefore an organization tries to design its website in a more and more innovative manner. Having web presence has become extremely essential for all the organizations and business (University of Florida). Certain information must be published by all the organization

British Construction and Property Industries Assignment

British Construction and Property Industries - Assignment Example The property industry is a vital component of a successful economy, and an important route by which a Government can achieve the delivery of many of its cherished policies such as: entrepreneurial success, urban regeneration, social inclusion, environmental improvement and savings and pensions reform. This paper discusses the economic organisation of the British construction and property industries and the government macro economic policy. British construction and property industries are is being faced with demands to make rapid changes due to changes in procurement strategies, government-led reform initiatives and heightened fields of international competition. These changes are aimed at helping tackle any problems arising from the reforms and to forecast the levels of project success, while attempting to solve problems related to predominance of personal capitalism which imply weak organisational capabilities. The concept of mutual objectives demand that each team thinks while focusing on the immediate objectives, through the process, to the end objectives. Improved efficiency can for example be thought of in terms of cooperation, fast construction can be achieved by avoiding hold ups, critical path programs must be ensured for timely completions, while shared risks are sensibly agreed on. Cost reduction measures include continuous improvement strategies and reasonable profits are achieved through sound forecast and progress prediction. To minimize legal costs, the parties must implement sound dispute resolution procedures and a sense of good public relations can be achieved by being proactive. A prior agreement on the sharing of profits must be in place to facilitate any related procedures. Quality assurance and total quality management offer ways of ensuring a reliable product quality, which is enhanced by the reliable flow of design information and any related cooperation. The basic idea in improving the construction industry is implied therefore as offering tendering on the basis of scrutinized long term affiliations based on clear measurement of prior performance-"benchmarking and quantified measures" and sustained quality and efficiency improvements. 1 A Task Force headed by Sir Egan believes that the way forward to achieving the ambition of a modern construction industry lies in commitment. They believe that: "Commitment from major clients to fulfil their responsibility to lead the implementation of our agenda for dramatically improving the efficiency and quality of construction Commitment from the construction industry to work with major clients to deliver the significant performance improvements that are possible, and offer these to the occasional and inexperienced clients Commitment from Government to create and sustain

Publishing on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Publishing on the Internet - Essay Example In the past, updating data on the internet was not a simple task. In order to change the contents of any website, the basic HTML codes had to be modified and the access to the content of the website was also for a limited number of users. But in the present, due to the developments in the technology, modification of the contents of a website has become much easier. Anyone can update a website by posting blogs, comments or articles. Media sharing has become easier today therefore it has become much easier to publish on the internet. Nowadays, websites like Twitter have brought the whole world online. An event occurs and the next thing we know is that the information is updated on Twitter or any other micro blogging website by some eye witness. Such is the speed at which the information flows due to the presence of internet. Due to the growth in the number of users of internet, organizations have been considering diverting their investment in marketing from traditional marketing techni ques to marketing through internet. Internet has become the core platform for the information industry. Therefore the organizations have been investing in publishing on the internet for the purpose of marketing (Harris, 2000). Marketing strategies include familiarizing the target market with the products or services of an organization through publishing on the internet. ... Publishing on the internet can be done for a number of purposes. People can share their thoughts and ideas by publishing on the internet, or they can conduct internet publishing commercially in order to attract specific users. Organizations can use publishing on the internet as a marketing tool. The main use of publishing on the internet made by the organizations is that of marketing. Internet marketing has grown extensively in the recent past and it has become a billion dollar industry. Organizations have been investing in internet marketing because it provides very high returns on surprisingly low investment and that too in a short period of time (Turban et al 2002). There are a number of ways by which information can be published on the internet. Some of the possible ways that would be evaluated in this paper are; a web site, a blog, a social networking website and Microsoft Office Publisher. These means can be used either individually or a combination of one or more of such means can be used in order to achieve the optimum results. PUBLISHING ON A WEBSITE A website has been the primary mean of communicating with the targeted audience. Nowadays, a business is considered to be non-existent if it does not run a website. A website is the primary source of information regarding an organization and its business objectives. An organization uses its website to provide its targeted market with the information regarding the organization’s products or services. The website represents the organization therefore an organization tries to design its website in a more and more innovative manner. Having web presence has become extremely essential for all the organizations and business (University of Florida). Certain information must be published by all the organization

History and Development of Air-conditioning Research Paper

History and Development of Air-conditioning - Research Paper Example A close ancestor to the modern air conditioner units made in 1902, by an American engineer by the name of Willis Carrier. The machine at that time called "Apparatus for Treating Air" and built for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Co. in Brooklyn, New York. Chilled coils used in machines to reduce air and lower humidity to 55%. Although the apparatus made with enough precision that the humidity level desired was adjustable. ("History of Air Conditioning") The article explains how air conditioners started becoming a commercial product as it became increasingly in use for industrial purposes. The real breakthrough achieved when Carrier had the benign dielene together with a central compressor replacing the ammonia thus reducing the size of the unit. Willis Carrier's invention came late in the 1900s, but before that, several attempts to air conditioning existed. In 180 AD, Ding Huan discovered the first ventilation system that was fan powered. The fan passed air from cold water and the air then spread in the house manually (Paventi). Later fountain water used to power the engine of the fan, thus reducing manual labor. Apart from the cooling effect of the water, the air became humid too (Paventi). In 1820 Michael Faraday, a British scientist, made a compressor that used ammonia (Paventi). Exhaustion of the toxic ammonia fumes became difficult and thus the cooling effect was unsafe. However, up to date his compressing technology is still in use.

The Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias Essay Example for Free

The Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejias Essay Just like Helen Keller who attempted to attain the summit of her life through her incessant perseverance, I have also been doing my best efforts to achieve constant self-improvement and to work toward my maximum self-actualization. Both Helen Keller and I share one thing in common, that is, we adhere to the same spirit of perseverance and self-perfection. Nevertheless, there is one essential difference. What Helen Keller was trying to do was to overcome her physical predicaments and constraints so that she could behave and do things like a normal person. Being a normal person, I would like to tap my potential to the fullest possible extent so that I can achieve academic and professional excellence necessary for becoming an elite of the emerging young generation. The rapidly growing Chinese economy seems to be providing us with an unprecedented opportunity to our personal fulfillment. Under such circumstances, what we should do is to become fully prepared to embark on our journey of life, to venture into deep waters. As a matter of fact, I have already been making some of the most important preparations for my ambitious undertaking in the future. I completed my undergraduate education from 1998 to 2002 in the specialty of marketing at the Business Administration Department of Institute of XX. Although the Institute is by no means the most prestigious one in China, I have been one of the best students in this Institute. Drawing inspirations from Einstein’s assertion that diligence accounts for 99% of a person’s success, I have endeavored to prove this doctrine through my concrete action. At the very outset of my undergraduate program, I decided that I must make maximum use of all the educational resources available to improve and perfect my knowledge. By the time I graduated, I proved that my undergraduate life was a very rewarding one, embodied in my satisfactory academic performance, important extracurricular activities, a spate of honors and awards, well-developed personal qualities, and recruitment by my Alma Mater. As part of my personal development, my undergraduate career was characterized by constant improvement in academic performance. By the time I became a junior, I was ranked top three in my class. My diligence, sound analytical ability and strong interest in my chosen specialty, all those factors contributed to my sustained scholastic success. Marketing is a subject that encompasses knowledge in economics, management, psychology and other disciplines. This interdisciplinary nature of marketing, plus the challenges of creative thinking that it poses to its learner, helped to strengthen my interest in it as I delved deeper into this subject. As a result, I managed to achieve quite satisfactory scores in all the core courses—Business Psychology, Marketing, International Marketing, Modern Enterprise Management, Public Relations, Market Survey and Prediction, etc. Meanwhile, benefiting from the systematic and rigorous training in economics and management, I have considerably enhanced my analytical skills, which gradually permitted me to grasp the essence of the matter amidst apparently complicated business issues. I also started to reflect on some basis but specific problems in our economy, such as â€Å"Why none of Chinese enterprises have so far failed to enter the world’s top 500? † During my undergraduate program, my academic commitment did not in the least affect my extensive extracurricular involvements. On the contrary, those involvements served to develop my management capacity, interpersonal communication and teamwork. I was a journalist of our Institute’s Journalism Association, reporting on major campus events. I was the chief debater of our Department’s Debate Team and by working closely with my tem members, we won the first prize in our Institute for two consecutive years. My other extracurricular positions included assistant director of the Study Department of the Students Union, director of the Social Practice Department of the Institute’s Students Union, and a member of the Institute’s Students Committee. One thing that should be stressed is that, as director of the Social Practice Department, I successfully launched the final match of Miss Network in XX Province, which was part of XX The match, designed to popularize Internet knowledge and show the charm of the learned women students, produced quite a local sensation. As the main planner of the event, I met and overcame major challenges. I believe I will derive lifelong benefit from this experience. To be engaged in high-level business management has always been my professional objective. As far as I am concerned, this challenging profession is what I am most interested in, one which can allow me to apply my knowledge and expertise to face challenges. With China’s reform toward the market economy, a large number of big enterprises have been created, but over the past two decades, no Chinese enterprise can be found in the world’s top 500. An important factor is that we lack true entrepreneurs and effective ideas of modern strategic marketing and management. This situation calls for well-trained business administrators with international perspectives. An important purpose of your MBA education is to provide systematic theoretical support for solving various business problems while equipping future enterprise administrators with all the necessary managerial skills. In addition, I am deeply fascinated by your MBA program’s competitive and international character. In my proposed program, I will continue to focus on marketing, with special emphasis on studying the advanced marketing strategies and concepts of the world’s top enterprises. It is my conviction that, against the background of economic globalization, an international education can give me far more than the mere knowledge and skills of business administration. As a necessary foundation for my prospective MBA program, I will have accumulated two years of work experience (from 2002 to 2004). Upon completing my undergraduate program, due to my distinguished performance in academic, extracurricular and moral conduct, I was recruited by my Alma Mater to take up a teaching position as a teaching assistant while concomitantly serving as student councilor. For more than one year by now, I have been managing more than 700 students in an entire grade in XX. Although my responsibilities are not those typical of an enterprise, I have derived much pleasure of successful management in ensuring the smooth operation of student life and activities, in addition to promoting my sense of responsibility and managerial expertise. Admittedly, there are important differences between the management of students and the management of employees in an enterprise, I have consciously and creatively applied my knowledge of human resource management that I learned in my management courses. This makes me realize that many theories and approaches of commercial and industrial management can be equally effectively applied to the management of non-profit organizations to improve their operation efficiency. As one of the best-loved XX universities, XX University enjoys a very high prestige for its MBA education. What this University really attracts me is that your university attaches great importance to group research and small-class education whereby students are allowed to collaborate with senior professors to undertake various interesting projects. I believe that this highly interactive and competitive educational model will be very appropriate for me in that it can fully draw out my potential in business management and lay a firm foundation for me to become a business management elite in China. In my proposed study, I will stick to my usual way of self-development—constantly transcending my former self in pursuit of a life of sustained personal development. Just as what Helen Keller said: â€Å"The result of each attempt is a success, and along the ladder pieced together by each individual success, I will ultimately reach the grand altitudes in the deep of the azure clouds—the summit of my hope. †

Crisis Communications Toyota UK’s sticky accelerator pedal

Crisis Communications Toyota UK’s sticky accelerator pedal Toyota UKs sticky accelerator pedal recall of January 2010 was considered by journalists as a disaster for its reputation with UK customers (Booth and Teather, 2010 and Hutton, 2010). Yet just three weeks after the crisis broke comments left by customers on the companys UK website revealed that they did not share this opinion. This essay will seek to understand these reactions, explain them and suggest ways Toyotas own crisis communication efforts may have helped and hindered them. After establishing the Toyota recall as a crisis, the essay will undertake a content analysis of customer comments to the companys UK website. The Situational Crisis Communications Theory (SCCT) of Coombs and Holladay (1996, 2001 and 2002) will then be applied to the results to start to explain these responses. The essay will then move on to assess how Toyotas own crisis communication efforts, as evidenced by a content analysis of company statements uploaded to Toyotas UK website, followed the tenets set o ut by SCCT. The aim will be to demonstrate how Toyotas crisis response strategies could have negatively and positively influenced these customer reactions. The essay will then conclude by suggesting further research needs to be done to prove any direct causal relationship between Toyotas crisis communication strategies and the resulting customer reactions. Before beginning this analysis it is important we give the essay a strong foundation by establishing that the Toyota accelerator recall was in fact a crisis and therefore warrants the application of crisis communications theory. Underpinning this process is the definition of a crisis as a an event or a perception of an event that threatens or violates important value expectancies of stakeholders and [where] stakeholders reactions can seriously impact the organizations performance and generate negative outcomes (Coombs, 1999, quoted in Tomasz and others, 2010, p. 637). Within this definition is the concept of stakeholders, which is interpreted as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organisations objectives (Freeman, 1984, p. 46). In the case of Toyota this could include the customers who buy the cars; the staff, who make them and the shareholders, who finance the company. According to Tomazs and others (2010) the expectations mentioned in this definition above centre on what they perceive to be an agreement or promise by the organisation. These are formed from exposure to information about the organisation, published by the organisation itself and the media; societal norms and interpersonal interactions with the company and other parties. Tomasz and others (2010) go on to explain that an episode that threatens or violates these expectations can be considered a crisis. The result of which can make stakeholders change their attitudes towards the organisation and/or change their behaviours, thus negatively affecting profitability and stockholder value. How well a company is meeting expectations can be described as reputation (Coombs, 2004a). So, it is important that, before applying this theory to the sticky accelerator pedal recall, we ascertain Toyotas reputation. From Toyotas own corporate material (Toyota, 2010a and Toyota, 2010b) and media articles (The Telegraph, 2010) about the car marque, the brand promises are clear. By buying a Toyota customers are promised safety, reliability and quality. By applying the theory above to the accelerator recall, it is reasonable to suggest that if the sticky accelerator fault occurred, a car could become unpredictable thus making the vehicle unreliable and unsafe to drive, and threatening two key customers expectations As a consequence, because these issues had never occurred before, customers could begin to feel like the quality associated with the marque had diminished, thus potentially violating the third brand pillar. With Tomasz and others (2010) placing a direct link between the threat or violation of expectations and negative stakeholder behaviour, it is also reasonable to suggest that the recall episode could have some damaging consequences for Toyota and its business goals, including a potential drop in car sales as customers stopping purchasing the marque, which would then lead to a drop in the companys share price. This therefore shows that the sticky accelerator pedal recall defiantly fits into definition of a crisis, as outlined above. What was at stake was Toyotas relationship with its customers. That is why this essay will focus on looking at the crisis from their point of view, in particular its UK customers. In the next part of the essay I will seek to start to understand how customers reacted to this crisis by analysing messages this stakeholder group left on Toyotas UK website. The aim of this examination is to start to build a picture of what damage was done to the relationship between Toyota and its customers due to the crisis episode. This analysis is heavily influenced by the work of Tomasz and others (2010) and as a result breaks the possible harm into two categories; negative changes in customer attitudes to the organisation and negative changes to customer behaviours. With these categories in mind 400 posts were analysed that had been left on Toyotas UK website in reaction the companys pleas for Your Experiences of the Recall (Toyota, 2010c).Toyota uploaded this appeal to their blog two weeks after the countrywide fix of affected models began, therefore giving an indication of the final thoughts of customers. Firstly, these posts were coded as positive, negative or neutral in their attitude towards Toyota. Each post was then broken down further and coded for evidence that the customers perceived Toyota to be responsible for the crisis, that their opinion of the car marquee had been damaged and that the crisis had affected their purchase intentions. Reputation was examined by looking for evidence of the three stakeholder expectations, as established above. These results showed that only 16% of customers in this sample had a negative attitude towards Toyota and only 1.3 % blamed the car marque for what had happened (Purnell, 2010). As for the three pillars of Toyotas reputation, just 2.6% of the customers sampled thought Toyotas were now unsafe, 1.9 % considered them unreliable and 1.3 % thought quality had dropped (Purnell, 2010). However, most interestingly just 2.7 % said the crisis had put them off buying a Toyota (Purnell, 2010). It is therefore fair to say that overall the posts were positive, with comments including not a major problem; not changed my loyalty ; will keep buying Toyotas and 11 out of 10 for Toyota acknowledging the problem and actually doing something about it. With percentages high in the not mentioned categories it is also interesting to stop for a moment and look at the topics that customers were concerned about. Many customers were concerned and confused about how they were affected by the way the recall had been handled. In the next section of the essay I will apply the tenets of SCCT as developed by Coombs and Holladay (1996, 2001 and 2002) to the sticky accelerator crisis in a bid to shed light on why customers may have reacted in the ways established above. The reason SCCT was chosen was because the core proposition of the theory is that during crisis situations organisations need to protect their reputations. The way they can do this is by developing crisis responses based on the specific circumstances of a particular situation. Successfully implementing such tailored responses will have a positive effect on stakeholder perceptions. The match between the situation and the response strategy is based on attribution of responsibility and different responses strategies imply different degrees of responsibility (Coombs and Holladay, 1996, 2001 and 2002). SCCT ( Coombs and Holladay, 1996, 2001 and 2002) suggests that a match between the Toyota crisis and the suggested crisis response strategy can be identified using a two step process, which involves determining the frame stakeholders use to categorise the crisis and then establishing if any intensifying factors are present. SCCT (Coombs and Holladay, 1996, 2001 and 2002) offers three frames, victim, accidental and intentional. The categories present increasing levels of attributions of responsibility and therefore threat posed by the crisis. Using this model in relation to the Toyota recall, reveals that the episode fits into the accidental crisis category which has a low attribution of crisis responsibility. This is because the situation was caused by the failure of a mechanism in certain models of their cars that could not be detected by normal inspection and could therefore be considered technical error product harm, one the subsets of the accidental crisis category. With this base level of threat established the next step is to look at whether any intensifying factors were present during Toyotas sticky accelerator pedal recall. SCCT identifies two intensifying factors, a crisis history and prior reputation (Coombs, 2004b). In SCCT if an organisation had a similar crisis in the past or is suffering from a poor reputation with stakeholders, the current crisis will be a much greater reputational threat because it will establish a pattern of behaviour by an organisation (Coombs and Holladay, 2004). In Toyotas case one of the two intensifying factors is present. The company, despite having a strong reputation with customers, had been having problems with product recalls since 12 months before the accelerator pedal problem. In January 2009, Toyota issued a global recall of 1.3million cars, including some in Britain, because of seatbelt and exhaust problems. The companys woes in this department were also exacerbated by the fact that two weeks into the sticky accelerator pedal crisis, the company issued another global recall for its Prius model because of suspected brake problems. SCCT (Coombs, 2007b) then combines these factors to evaluate the reputational threat presented by the crisis. Therefore Toyotas accelerator pedal recall rates as an accidental crisis, with minimal attributions of crisis responsibility but because of the intensifying factor it has the potential to produce greater reputation damage than would normally be for this category. This means that although customers see the event as largely out of the control of Toyota and unintentional, there is an increased chance that it will damage the companys reputation with customers The application of SCCT to the Toyota recall supports the results of the content analysis above and goes a long way to explain by customers reacted this way. A much stronger attribution of crisis responsibility and therefore threat would have been levelled at Toyota, if customers considered the product recall has been intentional, perhaps a human error crisis caused by someone not doing their job properly(Coombs, 2007a; Coom bs and Holladay, 2002). Although the SCCT model (Coombs, 2007a; Coombs and Holladay, 2002) starts to explain the customers reactions represented above, especially as to why they did not blame Toyota, what we cant forget is that SCCT to the predicts that the episode has the potential to create serious damage to Toyotas reputation with its customers in the posts analysed. It is reasonable then to expect to see a significantly larger proportion of negative feedback from this audience group. However, this is not evidenced, which suggested that Toyotas own crisis communications efforts may have helped to minimise the impact the crisis had on the companys relations with its customer base. The next section of the essay will analyse how well Toyotas own crisis communication efforts met the tenets of SCCT (Coombs, 2007a; Coombs and Holladay, 2002). By analysing statements made by the company on its UK website between January 28 2010- when the crisis began and February 10 when the company began fixing the affected v ehicles. On January 28 Toyota UK issued its first public statement explaining that the accelerator pedal problem currently affecting the US could now affect the UK and Europe (Toyota, 2010d). It focussed on explaining to drivers what signs to look out for and what Toyota was doing to rectify the situation. This is the type of message that SCCT would consider to be instructing information, i.e. information that would help affected people cope physically with the crisis. Instructing and adjusting information are the two types of information that SCCT suggests begin and are part of every crisis response strategy (Coombs, 2010). So it was entirely appropriate that Toyota began its crisis communication efforts in this way. But it is equally important that this hard work was sustained Organisations must protect their stakeholders to protect themselves (Coombs, 2010, p. 29). However, Toyota did not do this. Once the first statement was issued Toyota waited three days before issuing any further statement (Toyota, 2010 e) on their website or elsewhere, leaving customers with no instructing information during this period. To make matters worse there was also a complete lack of adjusting information. Adjusting information are expressions of compassion and the efforts the company is making to prevent a repeat of the crisis (Coombs, 2010) Such information makes victims feel better about the crisis and hold less animosity toward the organisation (Cohen, 2002). Yet until day five of the crisis, February 1(Toyota, 2010e), Toyota had not expressed any sympathy towards those affected and had not announced what steps the company was making to prevent a reoccurrence. This evidence shows that during the initial stages of their crisis response Toyota broke both of the basic tenets set out by SCCT, which Coombs ( 2010) would suggest meant that the company failed in helping customers deal practically or psychologically with the crisis. Although this was not a strong start Toyotas efforts from February 1(Toyota, 2010e) were significantly better. They regularly updated their website with instructing information, including confirming what vehicles were affected, that a fix had been found and how the fix process would work (Toyota, 2010f, Toyota, 2010g, Toyota, 2010h, Toyota, 2010i, Toyota, 2010j, Toyota,2010k, Toyota, 2010l and Toyota, 2010m). This instructing information was also supported by a steady flow of adjusting information, including comments by President and CEO of Toyota Motor Europe, Tadashi Arashima, on February 1( Toyota, 2010e), which expressed regret that it( the crisis) was causing concern; and a statement by the world-wide President of Toyota, Akio Toyoda, on February 5( Toyota, 2010i), which indicated that the company deeply regretted the inconvenience and concern caused to our customers(by the crisis) and confirmed that he would lead a special quality task force to address the problems. This demonstrates a strong use of both instructing and adjusting strategies, but Toyotas crisis response efforts did not stop there. The companys January 28 release also shows the start of a third strategy (Toyota, 2010d). Toyota explains that the accelerator problem only occurs in rare instances which this author interprets as the beginning of what SCCT theorists would consider a diminishing strategy. This strategy continues in subsequent posts and is Toyotas bid to minimise the seriousness of the crisis. This strategy continued throughout the crisis, as evidenced by statements such as Toyota is not aware of any accidents resulting from this condition in Europe (Toyota, 2010e) and that the recall is merely a precautionary measure to guarantee the highest quality standards to all customers (Toyota, 2010e). These efforts are in line with the SCCT tenets for crises which attract minimal responsibility but have an intensifying factor. The use of such strategies significantly strengthene d Toyotas efforts and these are further bolstered by correct application of reinforcing strategies alongside these primary strategies, as suggested by SCCT (Coombs, 2006). These are demonstrated through the use of comments such as those made by MD of Toyota GB, Miguel Fonseca, on February 4 (Toyota, 2010g), which state that customer safety has been and will remain our top priority. These seek to add positive information about the organisation and remind people of its past good works. In summary then, it is reasonable to say that, despite a weak start, Toyotas crisis responses efforts did follow the tenets set out by SCCT (Coombs, 2010) and should therefore have worked to minimise the possible damage the recall had on the companys reputation, by positively influencing customer opinions. It is interesting at this point to return to the findings of the content analysis of customers reactions ( Purnell, 2010), which showed that minimal damage had been done to Toyotas relationship with important stakeholder group and where there was negative feelings towards to company, these reflected the areas of weakness subsequently found in Toyotas crisis response strategies. An example of this is that the lack of information and detail about the product recall and how the fix would be handled that occurred in the first few days of the crisis. The company then paid for this weakness, with many of the negative customer comments expressing confusion and worry about how the recall a ffected them and frustration about how the process was being handled. These findings are very useful because they strongly point to the fact that the weaknesses in instructing and adjusting information at the start of Toyotas response strategy did have an ultimate affect on customer perceptions. With this in mind, it is also reasonable to suggest that where Toyotas efforts correctly followed the tenets of SCCT (Coombs 2010), these may have had a positive effect on customer impressions of the organisation. But, although this analysis strongly suggests such a direct relationship, it far from proves one. It is therefore suggested that further research is needed to substantiate such claims and prove that Toyotas strategies actually influenced the resulting customer reactions and therefore definitely diminished the impact of the crisis episode had on the company. In conclusion, this essay would like to propose that, despite media warnings to the contrary ((Booth and Teather, 2010 and Hutton, 2010), the sticky accelerator recall of 2010 was not a disaster for Toyotas reputation with UK customers. Critical to understanding why this occurred is the recognition that despite threatening to violate customer expectations, the product recall did not actually do so. Insight into why this did not occur can be found by applying SCCT (Coombs, 2007a; Coombs and Holladay, 2002) to the episode. This predicted that Toyota customers would attribute minimal responsibility to Toyota because the episode was caused by a technical fault; something that goes a long was to explain why so few customers blamed Toyota for the episode. But, nevertheless, SCCT (Coombs, 2007a; Coombs and Holladay, 2002) points out that the recall still remained a substantial threat, because of Toyotas crisis history. This essay proposes that this threat was successfully minimised by Toyot as own crisis communication response. Despite weaknesses in the provision of instructing and adjusting information, the brand successfully followed the tenets of SCCT (Coombs, 2010) and used diminishing and reinforcing strategies to minimise the negative effect the recall had on customer perceptions. However, despite customer reactions appearing to mirror the strengths and weaknesses of Toyotas strategy, how they influenced them remains unconfirmed. It is therefore suggested that further research in undertaken to try to prove a direct causal relationship between Toyotas strategies and the resulting customer responses.

The Lottery Essay -- essays research papers

Shirley Jackson’s insights and observations about man and society are reflected in her famous short story "The Lottery". Many of her readers have found this story shocking and disturbing. Jackson reveals two general attitudes in this story: first, the shocking reality of human’s tendency to select a scapegoat and second, society as a victim of tradition and ritual. Throughout history we have witnessed and participated in many events, where, in time of turmoil and hardship, society has a tendency to seize upon a scapegoat as means of resolution. The people of the village had been taught to believe that in order for their crop to be abundant for the year, some individual had to be sacrificed. "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon", said Old Man Warner. The irony here is that villagers are aware that this act is inhumane but none want to stand and voice their opinion, for fear of going against society’s standards and being outcast or being stoned. "It’s not the way it used to be," Old Man Warner said clearly. "People ain’t the way they used to be." Fear that if they go against society they might be chosen as the lottery winner or there might be a truth, after all, that it would disrupt their corn season. "Some places have already quit lotteries," Mrs. Adams said. "Nothing but trouble in that," Old Man Warner said stoutly. "Pack of young fools." In stoning Tessie, the villagers treat her as a scapegoat onto wh...

Chemistry-Precipitation Essay

My unknown chemical is sodium iodide. This was determined by testing the chemical with cations such as silver nitrate, cobalt (II) nitrate, and copper nitrate. It was also tested with anions: sodium iodide, sodium carbonate, sodium oxalate, and sodium phosphate. It was tested to see if the product will yield a precipitate or solid (cloudiness, power, or crystals) and any color changes that are very similar to the products/changes when all the known cations and anions were tested for changes. First of all, sodium iodide is an anion, it was determined that the unknown chemical was an anion because it did not react with any of the anions. Since the unknown did not react with the anions, it did not produce a solid or precipitate. This is chemically true because the new products will both contain NO3, or nitrate, and NO3 is aqueous with all cations. When the unknown was tested with silver nitrate a solid was produced, but also the color was a light yellow that is quite similar to the description of the product of sodium iodide added to silver nitrate (a dull but light yellow). This color was not exactly similar to the colors formed from other combinations as they were â€Å"slightly yellow† for the formula 2AgNO3(aq)+NaCO3(aq) –>AgCO3(s)+2NaNO3(aq) , â€Å"white† for 2AgNO3(aq)+NaC2O4(aq) –>AgC2O4(s)+2NaNO3(aq) , and â€Å"yellowish† for 3AgNO3(aq)+Na3PO4(aq) –>Ag3PO4(s)+3NaNO3(aq). A solid was formed in both situations due to a cloudy substance that formed with the silver nitrate + sodium iodide and the unknown + silver nitrate. It makes sense that a solid was formed because: AgNO3(aq)+NaI(aq) –>AgI(s)+NaNO3(aq) On the back of the periodic table it states that if the anion I- is part of the compound then cations like Ag+ and Pb2+ will form a solid with it. Since it is AgI, a solid is clearly formed. When the unknown was tested with cobalt (II) nitrate a solid was not produced and there was no color change it was the same light pink as originally, similar to the description of the product of sodium iodide added to cobalt (II) nitrate which was same light pink as the original color of the mixture. A solid was not formed in both situations because: Co(NO3)2(aq)+2NaI(aq) –>CoI2(aq)+2NaNO3(aq) According to the back of the periodic table it states that if the anion iodine is part of the compound then cations like Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, and Cu+ will form a solid with it, but iodine with all other cations form an aqueous solution. Therefore, since cobalt is not listed as one of the cations that iodine forms a solid with, no solid would be formed which is exactly what happened when sodium iodide was added to cobalt (II) nitrate and no other combination with cobalt (II) nitrate. Since sodium iodide in combination with cobalt (II) nitrate was the only one involving cobalt (II) nitrate that did not have a reaction it proves that the unknown is one of the two. But, since it has been proven that unknown is an anion, sodium iodide is our only option. When the unknown was tested with copper (II) nitrate a solid was produced, but also the color was a dark orange-yellow that was not too cloudy. This description is basically the same as the description of the product of sodium iodide added to copper (II) nitrate which was â€Å"dark yellow/range tone, copper color, slightly cloudy†. A solid was formed in both situations because it was slightly cloudy in both situations. Cu(NO3)2 (aq)+2NaI(aq) –> CuI2(s)+2NaNO3(aq) According to the back of the periodic table it states that if the anion iodine is part of the compound then cations like Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, and Cu+ will form a solid with it. Therefore, since copper is listed as one of the cations that iodine forms a solid with, a solid would be formed which is exactly what happened when sodium iodide was added to copper (II) nitrate. Since sodium iodide in combination with copper (II) nitrate was the only combination to form a dark yellow/orange color of all 4 anions in combination with the cation copper (II) nitrate sodium iodide seems the only option for the unknown. It is also not probable that the unknown is copper (II) nitrate because if there is a precipitate and a color change, it would not be the same color because different formulas yield different reactions like the colors formed. They are all unique.

John Proctor and comment Essay

The first opening scene is of some girls in the woods using magical rites to get the man of their dreams. The girls are mentioning the names of men they want and throwing what looks like herbs into a cauldron one girl gives a chicken to a black girl called Tituba who is at the side of the cauldron, and at this point she looks like the leader in these magical rites. The girls all shout at Tituba to make a spell to make the boys fall in love with them. One girl asks Abigail who she likes and another replies ‘John Proctor’ and then Abigail whispers something to Tituba who doesn’t seem to like what is being asked of her. Abigail then grabs the chicken from Tituba and throws it on the floor and then puts the blood of the chicken on her mouth. The girls are suddenly alerted to a man spying on them he even sees one of the girls naked they become hysterical and the next day we find that two of the younger girls have gone into a trance-like state probably because they were frightened of the consequences of their actions. The watcher’s daughter Betty Parriss was one of the girls in a trance. The watcher was none other than Reverend Samuel Parriss who is also the uncle of Abigail Williams. Reverend Parriss is terrified by what he has seen. He is quite hysterical as he knows that if a witch was to live within his own home the fingers of the village of Salem would point towards him and his days in the Church would be over, but even worse they could hang him. The Reverend questions Abigail in Betty’s bedroom, whilst she is in the trance like state,on what he has witnessed in the woods and he warns her that his whole life depends upon her answering ‘truthfully’. He knows he has many enemies in the village and needs Abigail to tell him the ‘truth’. This would of course be the truth that he wished to hear and it appears from his hysteria that he wants anything but the truth. At this point Abigail actually answers quite truthfully and tries to explain to her Uncle that they were only messing about by saying ‘it were sport, uncle. ‘

“Life of Pi” by Yann Martel Essay

All humans are born with instincts; it is during the most desperate times in life when these instincts take control of an individual. In the novel Life of Pi by Yann Martel, the protagonist, Pi, goes through a situation that evoked his instincts to take control of himself. Pi spent 227 days as a castaway on a boat drifting in the Pacific Ocean. During this time he dealt with intense hunger and thirst and was very desperate. In the second story that Pi tells, each of the animals from the first story are symbolic of humans. Pi is related to Richard Parker, as many of their actions are similar between the two stories. In light of Pi’s second story the similarities suggests that Pi uses Richard Parker to represent his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of savagery he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi, however, did begin to accept his situation and realize that his instinctive mind would play a major role in his survival no matter how opposed to killing and e ating his rational mind was. The savage-like behavior of Pi is brought on by intensely desperate situation, hunger, thirst, and Pi’s instinctive mind represented by the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker. When an individual acts on instincts, their actions become spontaneous and that person’s beliefs and values are not part of the decision. Richard Parker represents the instinctive part of Pi’s mind; this becomes clear after analysis of Richard Parker’s actions and emergence in the plot. Richard Parker only emerges after the orangutan or Pi’s mother is killed and Pi is in his most desperate state. This shows that Pi began acting on his instincts at this point where he felt very lonely and vulnerable while his life was in danger. Pi’s instincts provided him with food in the form of fish, turtles, and sharks, as well as the hyena or the cook. Pi states, â€Å"It is the plain truth: without Richard Parker, I wouldn’t be alive today to tell you my story.† (Martel 164) Pi has his animal instincts to thank for his survival and shows that he knows this by thanking Richard Parker, the representation of his instincts. Pi’s rational mind was not fit to survive all that time on the lifeboat; he is a vegetarian and a very religious person and would not have had any food on the lifeboat if not for his animal instincts. His rational self would not have killed the cook or the turtles and fish and he would have starved because there was no access to vegetables  and fruits in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. On page 164, Pi talks of his instincts in the form of Richard Parker as he states, â€Å"He pushed me to go on living. I hated him for it yet at the same time I was grateful.† He says that he hated his instincts for keeping him alive because they caused him to do things that were against his beliefs and values but at the same time he was grateful for his life. Pi has only his animal instincts to thank for his survival in a lifeboat for 227 days. After many desperate days on the lifeboat, Pi’s instinctive mind begins to blend with his rational mind. On page 197, after he kills and eats a turtle without blaming it on his instincts represented by Richard Parker, he realizes that he has â€Å"descended to a level of savagery [he] never imagined possible.† His instincts have blended with his sensible mind and he is no longer the strict vegetarian that he was before he was put in this situation. During his time on the lifeboat, Pi came a long way from the strict vegetarian that he once was. Pi speaks of his former self as he says, â€Å"To think that when I was a child I always shuddered when I snapped open a banana because it sounded to me like the snapping of an animal’s neck.† (197) The experience on the boat drastically changed him as his instincts no longer had to control him to kill and to eat. After continually killing to eat, he gets used to the idea and no longer needs his instincts to take over for him to eat. His vegetarian principles are irrelevant with the extremity of the situation as he could not have lived by his beliefs and values if he wanted to survive. His rational mind stepped away from its belief and values and began to accept a kill or starve mentality. Pi’s lengthy and desperate situation caused his rational mind to accept that he had to live off animal instincts if he did not want to starve. Guilt is a very powerful feeling and it can cause people to do crazy things in order to hide and escape from these feelings. In terms of the second story Pi acted on many of his animal instincts and killed and ate animals as well as humans. Pi used Richard Parker not only as his escape from his guilt but also to escape the reality of the situation he was in. The guilt that Pi felt from being a vegetarian and doing what he did coupled with the emotional pain and torment of his situation caused Pi to force himself to  believe that everyone on the lifeboat were animals. Because the events that occurred on the lifeboat were similar to those that would occur between wild animals where it is a kill or die situation it was easy for Pi to substitute animals for all of the people on the lifeboat. He continuously turned to God for help in dealing with the guilt that he felt. After telling how he killed the cook in the second story, he said â€Å"I must live with that. Solitude began. I turned to God. I survived.† Pi was very religious before he was stranded on the lifeboat and he used his faith to help him through the situation. Pi’s feelings of guilt caused him to do whatever it took to escape from the guilt and from reality. The idea of Richard Parker, therefore, stemmed from Pi’s desperate survival in a lifeboat. Richard Parker was the reason that Pi survived and also served as a savior from the guilt and emotional pain that he felt. Pi’s instincts were represented by the idea of the Bengal tiger, Richard Parker, and he survived because of these instincts. It was only natural for these animal instincts to take control of him as he was dealing with intense hunger and thirst. During his time on lifeboat, even his rational self accepted that he would have to kill to eat, a big change for the strict vegetarian that he once was. He also had to deal with severe guilt for his actions as well as tremendous emotional pain. Richard Parker served as a way for him to escape this guilt and to escape reality. Desperation and loss combined with intense hunger and thirst are some of the many things that could cause an individual to lose control of their rational mind and live on instincts. Work Cited Martel, Yann. Life of Pi. Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2001.

Service marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service marketing - Essay Example But the storm had hit the hardest by the end of 2008 when the bank had lost both its CEO and Chairman on 19th December, 2008. Ireland was shocked by one of its greatest financial scandal which led Mr. Sean Fitzpatrick, Chairman-AIB and Mr. David Drumm, CEO-AIB to resign thereby leaving behind a scar of undisclosed loan to the tune of â‚ ¬87 million. Though it was apparent that these loans didn’t have any illegal intention as well as consequence, the Financial Regulator had observed that the actions that were taken in order to transfer them were inappropriate (Farrell, 2008). On 15th January, 2009, the Irish Government took the decision not to recapitalize AIB, but to nationalize it (Collins, 2009). On the next day AIB’s shares were shelved and the Government rejected its previous decision of injecting cash to revive the scandal stricken bank (O’Brien, 2009). At the wake of 2009 AIB had fallen from the status of Ireland’s pride to that of a tainted national scandal. Its woes have continued throughout last year and even in 2010 the bank is struggling with a multitude of wide ranging issues such as serious lack of transparency and legislative complications (Ihle, 2010). The undisputed strengths of AIB are its rich heritage and corporate experience. The bank should retrospect and continuously learn from itself. Though it has entered into an unfavorable phase, yet owing to its inherent strengths, AIB can reposition itself as the pride of Ireland. On account of being nationalized AIB has got an opportunity to appease its customers to some extent. It should make optimum use of this chance and implement strategies to reposition itself as a premier financial institution. The most significant threat that AIB faces in the current situation is that of uncertainty. The bank has lost its credibility and hence will be under constant public vigilance. AIB should adopt

The Progressive Value System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Progressive Value System - Essay Example The Enlightenment Value System was limited to the fact that humans are good, not evil-beings, and their conscience is a major determinant of their actions. The effective functioning of the individual within the society should be assisted by the government, which was viewed not merely as an autocratic power, but as facilitator of social progress. establishment the accompanying belief in technology has become a value of its own† (Waldo, 1978, p.43). The major contemporary principles of this system are following: 1) sustainable progress; 2) shared responsibility; 3) effective government; 4) constant prosperity. Effective government is an important component of just society, and the government should create effective infrastructures and services, which cannot be provided by private sector of services. Moreover, government provides a judicial system that determines effective functioning of our society in terms of equitability and righteousness. †Government provides coordinated planning and incentives that help businesses adjust to changing circumstances.   Government provides the means of coordinating actions with other countries† (Hays, 1959, p.139).   Prosperity and shared responsibility are important contributors to individual and social happiness, since they provide high quality of life as well as social conscience and identity. In order to succeed, people should take the responsibility at least for their own lives and behaviors, which helps them rely on themselves without blaming others in their own faults and shortcomings. In addition, I would like to mention the results of my research, related to the implementation of Progressive Value System inmanagement and governing. First of all , I would like to refer to several writers, who explored this area and to my own methods, which combined content- and context-analysis of those writings and the researches that were conducted in

Factors in Asian Urban Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Factors in Asian Urban Growth - Essay Example In relation to population and size, Asia is the world’s largest and most populous continent. Its gross domestic product is the third highest in the world. With the rise of globalization, world economies had structural adjustments which influenced production, resource utilization and wealth creation (Clark, 2003). Asian economies experienced high development in the manufacturing industry supplemented by the availability of cheap labor. According to Keiner, Schretzenmayr and Schmid (2005), urbanization in Asia has occurred at some of the fastest rates in history with a rise in large urban agglomerates. The urban growth is expected to increase more as time goes by, especially within the least developed, low income economies in Asia. This fast rate of urban growth in Asia has been linked with the population dynamics, economic markets and socio-political conditions of the region. Population growth has always been a factor in economic development. The Malthusian theory on population is that a high population can lead to a crash in the economy by leading it to acute poverty while trying to sustain the population’s needs. There are better views to population in that a large population means the availability of a large labour force and domestic market. An increase in population also encourages technological advancement and innovation in a bid to meet the rising need for certain goods and services according to Clark (2003). Asian population levels have been high over time even before this burst of urbanization. The population has a big role in the urbanization and development since they occupy the urban cities and engage in economic activities that sustain the rise of urban centers. Likewise the socio -political environment is also important to the urban growth. Success in economic development depends greatly on the political and administrative officials. These government officials also influence infrastructural development in the urban centers and rural ar eas of a country. Asia is a politically, economically socially and culturally diverse region. With globalization, countries in the region have been able to integrate especially to facilitate trade and economic activities. The rate of infrastructure growth in many Asian cities has been inevitable given the rising population. Roads, hospitals, schools and housing facilities in the urban centers had to be expanded in order to accommodate this population. The other factor related to urbanization is the economic markets. Compared to the other two factors the effects of the economy in the development of cities are more pronounced. Most Asian economic markets are characterized by free trade, booming capital markets, reduced regulations economic freedom, and security of property rights. In addition to this, economic integration in the region and with other economies of the world has led to a further increase in economic activity in the region (Landau, 2001). Economic integration led to conn ectivity among cities in the Asian region in order to facilitate the flow of goods and services, people, investments and communication between them. Free trade in the area has been encouraged by the formation of trade blocs. They include Asian pacific cooperation (APEC), whose aim is to promote free trade and economic cooperation the Asia pacific region. The Asia- Europe meeting (ASEM) works towards security of economy by deepening relations between Asia and Europe at all levels. The major trade bloc in the are which is the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has its main objectives to have a free trade area , with common external preferential tariff

Interpersonal effectiveness- managing conflicts Research Paper

Interpersonal effectiveness- managing conflicts - Research Paper Example It is obvious that those with excellent interpersonal skills in an organization are expected to be more useful than those with poor interpersonal skills (Dyck et al, 2010) Interpersonal skills not only apply to talking to a single person but also it matters and affects our personality while we talk and communicate in a group. It does not include only how we communicate with fellow members but also it shows our confidence and courage to understand by listening carefully to others. Interpersonal skills are not only confined to communication expertise but it consists of problem solving ability, how promptly and accurately we make decisions at the right time and how do we manage and control ourselves while under stress. Those people with excellent interpersonal skills are very successful as compare to average people both in personal and professional lives. They look confident, composed, charismatic and calm when under pressure. One can easily spot these qualities in such people those are around you. Once you come to know about your interpersonal skills, it will benefit you by improving and developing it. Being more aware of your interpersonal skills can help you improve and develop them (Corey et al, 2010). People have interpersonal skill that is why they know how to react to what others say. We also know that when we say how the others will feel, think and react. As time passes, we improve interpersonal skills by paying attention to what we say and what we listen to. Always remember that the more we practice and spend time to develop these skills, the more we learn and improve (Field et al, 2001). There are so many skills, which helps us to be successful in so many walks of lives. However, the base for several dimensions of our lives is based on decent interpersonal skills, as these skills are important for our personal relationships, professional lives and social affairs. These are the foundations on which we can improve our skills.